The whale optimization algorithm has received much attention since its introduction due to its outstanding performance. However, like other algorithms, the whale optimization algorithm still suffers from some classical problems. To address the issues of
If there are no fixed costs and the marginal costs are strictly increasing, then the average cost curve is always below the marginal cost curve. Long-run Average Total Cost curves are "U" shaped because of Diminishing Marginal Returns. True or False? Tru...
Thermal resolution (also referred to as temperature uncertainty) establishes the minimum discernible temperature change sensed by luminescent thermometers and is a key figure of merit to rank them. Much has been done to minimize its value via probe optim
Meanwhile, the introduction of a new interface layer implies an increase in the area of interface and thermal resistance. As the thickness of the interface layer increases, the interface thermal resistance will significantly rise. Hence, the design of coating thickness in interface modification is ...
This implies that TerraSAR-X data have more consistent agreement with leveling than Envisat ASAR (Fig. 7a and b). The validation of the InSAR fused result using minimum gradient difference model of fitting curve was compared with the least squares method, (Fig. 7c and d; Table 4). There...
Yunker [30] extends the traditional CVP model by incorporating the downward-sloping demand curve and the U-shaped average cost curve, which is more realistic than Shih (1979). The extended model demonstrates that a firm confronting uncertainty will produce a smaller quantity than an equivalent firm...
Derived by assuming conservation of mass and a top-hat shaped velocity deficit, the normalized velocity deficit is given by Δ𝑈𝑈∞=1−1−𝑐𝑇−−−−−√(1+2𝑘𝑗𝑥/𝐷)2,ΔUU∞=1−1−cT(1+2kjx/D)2, (1) where Δ𝑈=𝑈∞−𝑈0ΔU=U∞−U0 ...
• Show why the fact that a competitive firm is a price taker implies that the demand curve facing the firm is perfectly horizontal. • Explore a competitive firm's optimal output choice in the short run and how the firm's short-run supply curve may be derived through this output ...
If average cost were everywhere rising, then the efficient firm would be trivially small, and an additional firm could add a trivially small amount of extra output. A U-shaped average cost curve, however, means that entry introduces a lump of extra output. If inventories were inexpensive, a ...
This strategic move, driven by [specific reasons], implies fewer options for U.S. exporters to enter Brazil’s market, further complicating the export environment. These instances demonstrate how intertwined the bovine semen market is with global economic and political trends. From economic downturns...