payments, and expenses. In this way, the economic accounting of the model takes place at the household level. At the next level up in scale, each household belongs to a stylized origin community. The community contains a certain amount of total land distributed across the households, as well...
Step 4: Perform the selection operation on the population; select 2 parent individuals by a certain probability according to the fitness value of the individuals. Step 5: Perform the crossover operation on the selected parent individuals by the crossover probability XOVR to generate 2 interim indi...
However, in the longer term, a certain decrease in the demand of flights is probable in a post-carbon economy due to increased prices. In Section 4 we discuss how the number of aircraft in a 100% renewable transport system may lie between 35% and 50% of the present aircraft fleet. We...
Purchases and sales of foreign exchanges with a purpose to meet the needs of a certain economic activity. How Is Foreign Exchange Traded? You cannot go to a centralized location to watch exchange rates being determined; currencies are not traded on exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange....
the dimensions of high importance in certain basins are of less importance in others. Indeed, every dimension varied in this study was the most influential factor in determining the economic impact of water scarcity in at least one basin (Supplementary Fig.12). Scenario discovery addresses this by...
Scholars have also criticized certain measures, such as donations, for relying on a logic of charity that does not address structural causes of inequity, and a government’s use of vaccines to improve relations or increase political influence internationally, often referred to as “vaccine diplomacy...
containment measures that disproportionately affect the economic activities of certain groups of people (e.g., people of lower socioeconomic position or of ethnic minority and migrant background) need to be accompanied by other corresponding policies that address and alleviate the economic burden of th...
In this paper, we use tax and household survey data to assess the history of income distribution in Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1970s, the country experienced a fall in inequality in spite of lower income growth. Since th
This type of model applies to certain, non-fatal diseases without severity but is also useful as a first approximation of the behavior models. In these models, individuals are more likely to undertake a given action as more of their neighbors do the same, but they can also randomly stop ...
One of the purposes of the SPOTT Index is to show trends over time in ESG disclosure according to particular features such as market capitalisation (MCap), landbank holdings, or even their engagement with the SPOTT team. This would allow us to test company performance based on certain character...