We assume this is the only effect the vaccine has. We make the assumption that the vaccine maintains a constant efficacy during a certain time period, whose duration is the same as the decision time-step. Then, if the vaccine is applied on a susceptible animal in herd j at time t, the...
There is yet another problem: one person's "comparison" could be quite different from that of another person. The worth of a certain amount of money, sufficient to buy enough macaroni and cheese to last a week for a very poor person, could be merely a tip to a doorman for a wealthy ...
However, some ETFs allow for the creation (and redemption) of ETF shares in cash in certain circumstances rather than through "in kind" creation. Back Cash/Price Ratio Cash a company has converted into cash per share divided by the price per share. A Cash/Price Ratio of 0.25 means that ...
Step 4: Perform the selection operation on the population; select 2 parent individuals by a certain probability according to the fitness value of the individuals. Step 5: Perform the crossover operation on the selected parent individuals by the crossover probability XOVR to generate 2 interim indi...
Lastly, a certain limitation is that living within closer proximity to blue space does not fully reflect use of blue spaces64. In conclusion, our findings indicate that living near urban blue space can alleviate the adverse impacts of socio-economic deprivation on mental health and in turn ...
Thus a certain DCE may be valid if the objective is to reveal people's current preferences, but the same DCE may be invalid if the intention is to use it to decide how much respondents must be paid in compensation (or what type of compensations) so that they are left no worse off. ...
Subgroup analyses were conducted to determine the effects of providing high compensation to participants with certain demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self-reported sexual behavior or HIV risk, and attitudes toward circumcision. Subgroup analyses included significance testing of the subgroup-...
Scholars have also criticized certain measures, such as donations, for relying on a logic of charity that does not address structural causes of inequity, and a government’s use of vaccines to improve relations or increase political influence internationally, often referred to as “vaccine diplomacy...
containment measures that disproportionately affect the economic activities of certain groups of people (e.g., people of lower socioeconomic position or of ethnic minority and migrant background) need to be accompanied by other corresponding policies that address and alleviate the economic burden of th...
Because we are averaging over a large number of employees in the economy, the representative worker can be viewed as using both travel modes over a certain period of time. The worker derives utility from general consumption goods (Xw), commuting trips by car (Aw), commuting trips by public ...