Soot as a byproduct of hydrocarbon combustion has been studied extensively because of its contribution to pollution, on the order of 12-24 Teragrams annually[1]. The composition and morphology of highly agglomerated soot particles is very much dependent on the combustion conditions and may change ...
The primary product of this approximately 560 PgC, with the wood in hydrocarbon combustion is carbon dioxide. trees being the largest fraction. The total amount of carbon in the world’s soils is estimated to be 1500 PgC. Measuring soil carbon can be challenging, but a few basic assumptions ...
Although not manufactured in great quantity, B(a)P is a by-product of combustion. It is estimated that 1.8 million pounds per year are released from stationary sources, with 96% coming from: (1) coal refuse piles, outcrops, and abandoned coal mines; (2) residential external combustion of...
In industrial settings, butadiene is typically produced as a byproduct of steam cracking during the manufacturing of ethylene and other olefins. In this process, aliphatic hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and subjected to high temperatures (often exceeding 900 °C), resulting in the release of ...
Another type of alternative energy is biomass energy, which may be used in chemical processes such as combustion, pyrolysis, or gasification to create heat (biochar), tar (biofuel), and syngas (biogas). The product can then be utilized to generate power using specialized techniques. The procedur...
Of the carcinogens to which humans are most frequently exposed, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) is one of the most ubiquitous. BP is a byproduct of grilled foods and tobacco and fuel combustion and has long been linked to various human cancers, particularly lung and...
This study discusses the heat exchange optimization of a 450 kW water heater operating with natural gas (NG) and in cofiring mode burning solid pulverized rumen and NG. The rumen material is a byproduct from cattle slaughter processes, consisting of the waste contained in the cow stomachs and...
Sewage sludge (SS) is the by-product of wastewater treatment plant, and generated in large quantities during waste water treatment. With the rapidly rising urban population and demand for better treatment of sewage, there is a drastic increase in SS generation. Recently, the annual SS production...
Hydrogen (+H) ions displaced through the electrolyte combine with (O−2) ions, and water is removed from the system as a byproduct. This is the reverse reaction of water decomposition.2H2+O2 2H2O + electrical energy + heat The working principle of fuel cells are similar. In low ...
alkenyl group- the hydrocarbon group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkene group. alkoxide- an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from the hydroxyl group of an alcohol when it is reacted with a metal. alkoxy group- functional group containing an al...