Neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid, are among the main kinds of metabolites that perform important biofunctions while processing visual information in the retina [18]. Several studies have shown that several of these metabolites play different roles in DR pathogenesis...
T2D is often accompanied by other components of MDS, such as preobesity/obesity, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease, dyslipidemia, which usually occurs before it, and they are considered as the upstream diseases of T2D. It is more appropriate to call “diabetic complications”...
protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1) [20] Previous human genetic studies have demonstrated a correlation between the genetic mutations and T2DM, such as lamin A/C mutations [21], glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) [22], fat mass and obesity-associat...
44,45,46,47. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HDAC2 inhibitor 2-propyl-pentanoic acid, also known as valproic acid (VPA) is used in both preclinical and clinical settings48. Regarding its therapeutic mechanism
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In addition to the high prevalence, it is associated with a reduced quality of life due to cognitive deterioration, depression and obesity [3,4] resulting in socio-economic problems related to reduced labor performance [5]. The main mechanisms proposed to induce chronic pain include: 1. ...
γ-Aminobutyric acid GEF: GTP exchange factor GI: Glucose-inhibited (neurons) GO: Gene ontology GO-BP: Gene ontology biological process GSEA: Gene-set enrichment analysis HFD: High-fat diet HPA: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal HSPG: Heparan sulfate proteoglycan ...
Glutamic acid is known a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and a precursor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); its conversion to GABA is catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1; a.k.a. GAD67) with co-factor vitamin B6. Glutamic acid receptors are expressed in osteoblasts and...
The larvae rejected an amino acid-imbalanced diet in favor of increased wandering. Knockdown of GCN2 in dopaminergic neurons reduced this aversive response in larvae via regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling [61,62]. These common findings in vertebrates and invertebrates highlight ...
Of particular interest in this respect are alterations in the function of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) inhibitory neurons and synapses, which contribute to a plethora of computational network processes in health and disease. Fast GABAergic neurotransmission is mediated GABA type-A receptors (...