In the case of the smallest viruses, the final structure is simple and quite regular. Larger viruses with more proteins at their disposal can build more elaborate structures. Enveloped viruses may be quite regu
Bacteriophages have important roles in the ecology of the human gut microbiome but are under-represented in reference databases. To address this problem, we assembled the Metagenomic Gut Virus catalogue that comprises 189,680 viral genomes from 11,810 publicly available human stool metagenomes. Over ...
DNA viruses have a major influence on the ecology and evolution of cellular organisms1234, but their overall diversity and evolutionary trajectories remain elusive5. Here we carried out a phylogeny-guided genome-resolved metagenomic survey of the sunlit oceans and discovered plankton-infecting relatives ...
While neutrophils respond rapidly, they have a short-life span (1–2 days) and are unable to perform phagocytosis repeatedly. Following pathogen extermination, neutrophils self-destruct in a natural process referred to as apoptosis. Macrophages (15–30 µm), on the other hand, are long-lived...
Influenza B viruses do not have subtypes, but they are subdivided into two anti- genically distinct lineages: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata. The following information is used in the naming of individual virus strains: type, species of origin (if non- human), geographic location of isolation ...
All enteric viruses except the adenoviruses contain RNA, have a protein capsid that protects the nucleic acid, and are non-enveloped. In the environ- ment and in food, the enteric viruses are inert particles and do not replicate or metabolize because, like all other viruses, they are obligate...
The transcripts of plant pararetroviruses have a roughly 600 nt long highly structured leader, containing several short ORFs with the potential to form a large stem-loop structure, known to be inhibitory totranslation. Formation of this structure brings the first long ORF into the close spatial ...
An increasing number of plant viruses and viroids have been reported from all over the world due largely to metavirogenomics approaches with technological innovation. Herein, the official changes of virus taxonomy, including the establishment of megataxonomy and amendments of the codes of virus classif...
Seasonal trends, possibly related to epidemic infections, have been described in the diagnosis or relapse of Graves' disease with higher rates in spring and summer [41,42]. Geographical differences have also been described in England in the incidence of Grave's disease which could be an indirect...
Some of these viruses have important biological roles, such as limiting fungal pathogenicity4,5 or increasing protist fecundity6. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses of the family Totiviridae have evolved extensive diversity and are present in phyla separated by a billion years of evolution,...