Geminin is a cell-cycle indicator: its levels are low in G1 phase, gradually increase as the cell cycle progresses, reach a maximum level at mitosis, and rapidly decrease during cytokinesis. Meanwhile, 53BP1 is an indica- tor of DNA damage that is excluded from irradiation-induced foci ...
Thenormalcellcycleconsistsoffourphases.ThefirstthreeincludeG1,theperiodofnormalmetabolism;Sphase,duringwhichnormalsynthesisofbiologicalmoleculescontinues,DNAisreplicated,andhistonesaresynthesized;andG2,abriefperiodofmetabolismandadditionalgrowth.TogetG1,S,andG2phasesarecalledinterphase.ThefourthphaseofthecellcycleisM...
During interphase, the cell is busy growing. It’s producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles during the G1 phase, duplicating its chromosomes during the S phase, then continuing to grow in preparation for mitosis in the G2 phase. In the cell cycle, interphase doesn’t just occur beforemito...
Phase separation The process by which substances in a mixture become separated in two distinct phases, as occurs in a mixture of oil and water. Polycomb The Polycomb system involves various protein complexes, including Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and PRC2, which act as transcriptional re...
In order for the human body to prevent the negative consequences of DSBs, two main repair pathways have evolved: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) (Brandsma and Gent, 2012; Scully et al., 2019). HR, which has peak activity in mid-S phase of the cell ...
NHEJ is typically considered error prone but is the predominant pathway used during interphase for the repair of two-ended DSBs. In contrast, single-ended DSBs that form due to the collapse of replication forks in S-phase must be repaired by HR as NHEJ repair could be toxic due to the re...
binding to the cyclin D1, which regulates the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This mechanism enables the deregulation of pRB1 at the checkpoint of the G1/S phase, thereby affecting cell proliferation[29,30]. Accordingly, cases have been reported in which the p16INK4Aprotein was found to be...
The distribution of interphase cells between the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle was determined from the PI fluorescence histograms (Modfit, Verity Software House, Topsham, ME) after exclusion of the mitotic cells. The percentages of interphase cells were renormalised to account for ...
The RAD51 recombinase plays critical roles in safeguarding genome integrity, which is fundamentally important for all living cells. While interphase functions of RAD51 in maintaining genome stability are well-characterised, its role in mitosis remains co
, 2000b). The disruption of the nuclear lamina organization by the expression of dominant negative A-type lamin mutants results in a block of the elongation phase of DNA replication (Moir et al., 2000). Both nucleoplasmic lamin B foci (Moir et al., 1994), and lamin A foci (Kennedy ...