K+ is accumulated within cells, and the chemical gradient for K+ across the cell membrane drives K+ from the cell to the extracellular space. The exit of K+ creates an outside-positive potential difference across the cell membrane. For most cells K+ is of paramount importance for the ...
NMR experiments were run on a Bruker 700 MHz NMR instrument equipped with a triple gradient TCI cryoprobe. The temperature was set to 50 °C to reduce the line widths. The internal reference standard was ~ 0.1 (wt %) DSS-d6. NMR spectra were obtained using Bruker’s TopSpin 3.5 ...
(Hoffman and Kregenow 1966). In these ouabain-treated cells, movement of K+ions was not proportional to the electrochemical gradient for K+unless Cl-was removed, implying coupled ion movements (Funder and Wieth 1967). The second Na+“pump” was found to require an outward K+gradient (...
(APS). DND-CAT is supported by Northwestern University, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. and the Dow Chemical Company. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source and Center for Nanoscale Materials, both of which are DOE Office of Science User Facilities operated for the DOE ...
methods, the expansion of the PT to fourth order is needed for more quantitative agreement with experiment, and even at that expensive level of theory, the results are outside the window of chemical accuracy (typically taken as ±1–2 kcal mol− 1) seen for computational organic chemistry....
Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction-zone magmas. Geology 14, 753-756 [43] Martin, H., Peucat, J.J., Sabaté, P., Cunha, J.C., 1997. Crustal evolution in early Archean of South America:example of Sete Voltas massif, Bahia state, Brazil. ...
The results establish that the energy available from the Na + electrochemical gradient is much greater than previously estimated from chemical measurements.doi:10.1016/0005-2736(86)90526-2W.David DawsonThomas C. SmithElsevier B.V.BBA - Biomembranes...
exhibit different output distributions when plotting the first two components after applying principal component analysis, as visualized in Fig.4. While the plot for Tetrahymena shows a color gradient, the plot for IL4 shows no gradient or areas that appear homogeneous in color distribution. This su...
The intracellular concentration of potassium is approximately 150 to 160 mEq/L. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane. Potassium is a normal dietary constituent; under steady-state conditions, the amo...
Under baseline short-circuited conditions, potassium is accumulated against an electrochemical gradient of 22±4 mV. Reaccumulation of potassium by potassium-depleted tissues can be blocked by inhibiting the Na,K-exchange pump with high concentrations of ouabain. On the other hand, blocking apical ...