Calculated preload will equal the input preload. Preload is applied in one step which can cause convergence problems in nonlinear. Symbols used in the following equations Abolt = cross-sectional area of bolt. CTE = coefficient of thermal expansion. dT =...
Flexural strength was calculated using the following equation: S = 3Fl/2bh2 where F is the maximum load exerted on the specimens in Newton; l is the distance (20 mm) between the supports, with an accuracy of ±0.01 mm; b is the width (2 mm ± 0.01 mm) of the specimens measured ...
“bucket” is a key attribute underlying their capability to influence forest hydrological processes and their related mass and energy flows. It is commonly assumed that the epiphyte bucket remains saturated, or near-saturated, most of the time; thus, epiphytes (particularly vascular epiphytes) can...
The element stiffness is directly defined by the slope of this curve. The slope of the linear fits, calculated for the timespan of highest loading during impact, approximates the Young's modulus for each curve. The slope increases with the SFO value, but not proportionally. Arrows indicate ...
Although it is not relevant for precisely determining mutual differences in FR properties, this parameter is a valuable method for the rapid characterization of samples with respect to flame resistance. Table 2. Flammability tests performed on untreated cotton fabrics. LOI value is calculated as the...