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The break with theRomanpapacy and the establishment of an independent Church of England came during the reign ofHenry VIII(1509–47). When PopeClement VIIrefused to approve theannulmentof Henry’s marriage toCatherine of Aragon, theEnglish Parliament, at Henry’s insistence, passed a series of...
clear; nor was the permanence of the throne itself. When she died and her sonEdward VIImoved from Marlborough House toBuckingham Palace, the change was one of social rather than of political focus; there was no doubt about the monarchy’s continuance. That was the measure of her reign. ...
Comprehensive and meticulously documented facts about freedom of speech. Learn why the founders of the U.S. included free speech in the Bill of Rights, how courts have ruled in such cases, and much more.
Mazarin died on March 9, 1661. The dramatic blow came on March 10. The king informed his astonished ministers that he intended to assume all responsibility for ruling the kingdom. This had not occurred since the reign ofHenry IV. It cannot be overemphasized that Louis XIV’s action was not...
Paul’s Cathedral, a pop music concert at Buckingham Palace, and a pageant that employed street arts, theatre, music, circus, carnival, and costume to honour the queen’s reign. Health issues limited Elizabeth’s involvement. Concerns about the queen’s health also led to a break in ...
eachinchequaling thelengthof three barleycorns (employed merely as a learning device since the actual standard was the space between two marks on a yard bar). Units ofcapacityand weight were also specified. In the late 15th century,King Henry VIIreaffirmed the customary Winchester standards for...
The first newspaper in the United States, Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick (Boston, September 1690), was suppressed by the colonial governor after one issue. In 1704 the Boston News-letter began publication as a weekly issued by the postmaster. The Boston Gazette (1719) was pri...
find territories for the favouredJohn(Lackland) at the expense of Geoffrey. Richard joined the protest of the others and was supported by Eleanor. There was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy, supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland. Henry’s...
during the reign ofHenry VIII(1509–47), restrictions were placed on “weapons” and “defensive armour” being brought to any town, church, market, or othercongregationexcept upon thehue and cry(a practice whereby criminals were pursued with cries and sounds of alarm). Henry VIII had enacted...