The two most often used discrete transforms are the discrete Fourier transform (due to its FFT implementation) and discrete cosine transform (due to its FFT-based implementation and its adoption in the JPEG image compression standard). If minimizing the mean squared error between the original image...
Thenumpy.norm()functiontakes an input array or matrix and computes its norm or magnitude. It calculates the square root of the sum of squared elements along the specified axis or the flattened array. The output is a scalar value representing the norm or magnitude of the input array or matrix...
The performance of the technique is carried out with the help of MATLAB R2018a (9.4.0.813654). This scheme is tested for two images and its validity is verified. The results are shown by the help of mean-squared-error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and relative error (RE)....
Lemma 1 The terms ξvw and ζvw are a squared Euclidean distance between the vertices v and w and the cosine of the angle between the position vectors of both vertices in a Euclidean space, respectively. Proof First let us write G = eA = U eΛU T = U eΛ/2eΛ/2U T = eΛ/2U...
The left side of the equation shows the rationale behind the television usage of sine squared terminology, while the right side shows the basis of the data communications term raised cosine. The 1 on the right “raises” the cosine term, which by itself ranges from −1 to +1. In televis...
The root mean squared error between the original lens contour and the lens profile reconstructed using the coefficients of the Fourier decomposition ranged from 13 to 66 urn. Only the coefficient of the zero~(th)-order term (i.e. diameter of the 'equivalent' fitted circle) showed a ...
The most important criteria are Mean Squared Error (MSE) [30], Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) [31], Universal Quality Index (UQI) [32], Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) [33] and Normalized cross-correlation (NC) [34]. They are described with their equations in Table 3. Table 3...
The root mean squared error between the original lens contour and the lens profile reconstructed using the coefficients of the Fourier decomposition ranged from 13 to 66 渭m. Only the coefficient of the zeroth-order term (i.e. diameter of the 'equivalent' fitted circle) showed a significant ...
This hybrid approach ensures an enhanced dynamic response and overall system performance by minimizing the integral of the time-weighted squared error (ITSE) for each controller. The simulation results, directed in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, demonstrate the efficacy of the hybrid SSC algorithm in...
If minimizing the mean squared error between the original image and its expansion using a linear orthogonal transform is the goal, it can be shown that the Karhunen–Loeve transform (KLT) is the optimal transform, but the KLT is not practical, since it requires eigencomputations of large ...