Cellular signaling encompasses the ability of cells to receive, integrate, and react to signals in their surroundings. The field of signal transduction research is vast and complex. This chapter provides a modest introduction using examples of two signaling pathways. The case study, "How Cells Know...
How does cAMP stop signaling? It is degraded by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Other examples of second messengers include diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), which are both produced by the enzyme phospholipase, also a membrane protein. IP3 causes the release of Ca2+—...
we systematically summarized the signaling pathways involved in circRNAs regulating tumor proliferation and metastasis as follows. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway that regulates various cellular functions, such as metabolism, proliferation, cell...
What is amplification in cell signaling? What are some examples of autocrine signaling in cells? How do cells communicate through paracrine signaling? What type of cell signaling is acetylcholine? What are the common elements of all GPCR signaling pathways? Why do cells have different signaling path...
size from single-atom ions, small molecules such as steroid hormones, and biomacromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins [166,167]. The examples of intrinsically disordered proteins described below highlight many of the mechanisms by which IDPs/IDRs fulfill the needs of cell signaling pathways. ...
Networks result from interconnections between signaling pathways. A certain signaling molecule can receive signals from multiple inputs. A smallG proteinsuch as Ras and a transcription factor, such as CREB, are examples of signaling proteins that receive signaling from multiple upstream pathways. Such ...
Some resent works and application examples of lumping technique have been studied in the field of systems biology and biochemical reactions, for example; reduction of a mathematical model to EGF receptor signaling [8]; lumping in pharmacokinetics [9]; using proper lumping for models of biology [10...
examples are associated with cell adhesion [51,52] and displayed spatial colocalized patterns, while the three long-range interaction examples are enriched in spatially distinct cell types (Additional file1: Fig. S8e) with the function of secreted signaling pathways [43,53,54]. Similar to the ...
Ligand-receptor systems, covalent modification cycles, and transcriptional networks are basic units of signaling systems and their steady-state properties are well understood. However, the behavior of such systems before steady-state is poorly characteri
Examples of conspecific cell-in-cell phenomena, where both cells remain alive (≥ 1 neoplastic cell) include entosis, emperipolesis, cannibalism, with the host cell not always being an immune cell. Examples of conspecific killing between non-neoplastic cells include phagocytosis, entosis, ...