The oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by mitochondrial (aerobic) metabolism is necessary for the generation of adequate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen and its transport from the environment to the mitochondria is the focus of the first seven chapters ...
regulation mechanism is tamed, and the reducing power (NADPH) and energy (ATP) acquired from the photosynthetic water splitting and proton gradient-coupled electron transport process are used for immediate synthesis of ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) directly from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H ...
Thus, carbon dioxide is present not just in the Earth’s atmosphere but also in oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, and ice caps. The liquid carbon dioxide returns into its gaseous state when the pressure drops, i.e. at pressures below 5.1 atm. Carbon dioxide has a ...
designer photosynthetic organisms are created such that the endogenous photobiological regulation mechanism is tamed, and the reducing power (NADPH) and energy (ATP) acquired from the photosynthetic process are used for synthesis of butanol and/or related higher alcohols from carbon dioxide and water. ...
which is formed as a byproduct of degraded anesthetic agents by carbon dioxide absorbents, and endogenous CO that is formed by the body and rebreathed in closed-circuit, low flow anesthesia. Low flow anesthesia is a technique to conserve anesthetic agents and associated costs by using a fresh ...
and hypertension, that contribute to a worsened prognosis; and post-COVID-19 complications, such as brain fog and thrombosis. An increasing number of reports have revealed that MAPKs are regulated by carbon dioxide (CO2); hence, we reviewed the literature to identify associations between CO2and ...
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, serving as an essential energy source for cells in all domains of life and as an important feedstock for the biorefinery industry. The plant-biomass-sugar route dominates the current glucose supply, while the
CARBON dioxideADENOSINE triphosphateWater table fluctuations generate temporally and spatially dynamic physicochemical conditions that drive biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments in the vadose zone. However, their role in the cycling of soil C remains poorly known. Here, we present results from un...
Hydrogenaseof hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria oxidizes hydrogen to protons and electrons (Table 5(a)). In the carboxydobacteria,carbon monoxidedehydrogenasecatalyzes the net extraction of two electrons and two protons to produce carbon dioxide from carbon monoxide and water (Table 5(b)). ...
In many cases, substrate-induced respiration is also measured by adding a labile carbon source such as glucose and measuring the resulting respiratory production of carbon dioxide by soil in the presence and absence of the pollutant. Any pollutants (or pollutant concentrations) that cause significant...