For each image stack, a total dose of about 60 electrons were equally fractioned into 42 frames with a total exposure time of 4.2 s. Defocus values ranged from 1.7 to 2.5 μm. In total, 3,596 micrographs were collected using Leginon40. Image processing For cryo-EM datasets, beam-...
Ultrafast photon–electron spectroscopy in electron microscopes commonly requires ultrafast laser setups. Photoemission from an engineered electron source is used to generate pulsed electrons, interacting with a sample excited by the laser pulse at a kno
Plasma is by far the most abundant state of baryonic matter in the Universe. Astrophysical plasmas, in general, exhibit a property calledquasi-neutrality, which means that the total number of all ion charges is equal to the total number of electrons on global scales. As some ions are multipl...
The transfer of the charge (ions/electrons) through the metal interface, react with the oxygen from the steel surface, with the subsequent growth of an unstable corrosion product in the form of a thick porous-oxide layer (also known as rust), which occupies more volume than the original ...
has been frequent in recent years [9,10]. Therefore, LIBs are not suitable for large-scale energy storage applications, and the exploration and development of novel high-performance, non-polluting, and low-cost energy storage devices has become an urgent global issue, which requires the joint ...
whereipis the reduction peak current,Dis the diffusion coefficient of K3Fe(CN)6molecules in0.1 mol L−1KCl solution,nis the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction ofK3Fe(CN)6,γis the scan rate(V s−1),andCis the concentration of K3Fe(CN)6solution (mmol L−...
It attempts to draw it from the neighboring atoms which move closer together to share the electrons more easily as a result. The isolated chloride ion Cl is responsible for the neutrality of our structure. Download: Download high-res image (283KB) Download: Download full-size image Fig. 2....
The Faraday cup (FC) can be used to determine the charge in the electron beam of a LINAC [36]. Given that the electron beam produced by the LINAC is pulsed, one can determine the total number of electrons per each pulse. Considering the area crossed by the electron beam one can deduce...
of hot electrons excited above the conduction band by the impinging X-rays22. If electron–hole pairs are generated in the depletion zone of the p–n junction, the internal electrical field efficiently separates the electron–hole pair and drifts the electrons through the junction toward the n-...
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is widely used to determine near-atomic resolution structures of biological macromolecules. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio, cryo-EM relies on averaging many images. However, a crucial question in the field of